Hoy: Mié, agosto 26 2026

RAZONES DE LA INTERVENCIÓN DE LA CREG

Gran debate se ha generado con un anuncio del Señor presidente de la Republica en el sentido que retomaría, de conformidad con la constitución política la responsabilidad sobre las tarifas de energía en Colombia, lo que inmediatamente generó una reacción de los medios de comunicación y de los gremios en especial los del sector energético. Mucho se ha hablado sobre el exquisito y casi perfecto perfil técnico de la GREG, como dirían nuestros abuelos un grupo mas preparado que un yogurt. Pero es necesario antes que los odios políticos o partidistas nublen la razón, analizar brevemente que ha pasado con el sector eléctrico y con las directrices y formulaciones tanto de la CREG, como de la Presidencia de la República en el pasado reciente mediante las intervenciones de la superintendencia de servicios públicos puntualmente en el caso Electricaribe hoy Afinia y Aire.

 

Para poder entender el conflicto es necesario explicar algunos temas de manera puntual.  Primero miremos como es el negocio de la bolsa de Energía, en la cual se remunera a todos los actores por el generador que cierra el despacho del día, ósea si las empresas hídricas cubren el 95% de la demanda del día y ofertaron por ejemplo $150 por kwh y el otro 5% se cubre con generadores térmicos a carbón o gas y este ultimo oferto en $800 por kwh se remunera no por lo que ofertó cada actor, sino por los $800 que licitó el último de los oferentes, la pregunta es ¿por qué? Cuando un generador presenta oferta, en ella están tomados en cuenta no solo cuanto le cuesta generar ese kwh, sino cuál será su utilidad esperada, entonces ¿qué lógica explica que alguien que licitó en $150 reciba $650 adicionales a los esperados? Al generar 1 kwh de energía hídrica el costo de su materia prima principal (el agua) es 0; cosa contraria a los generadores térmicos, cuyos costos sean carbón o gas están por las nubes, por ello el presidente de la republica se preguntaba ¿por qué si hay agua en abundancia el costo del kwh es tan alto? Pues elemental así está la reglamentación aprobada por la CREG.

 

Las distribuidoras compran su energía solo una parte en bolsa, la porción mayor la “aseguran” en contratos a mediano plazo, algunas ya en contratos a largo plazo, donde claramente tendrán que especular o predecir cual sería el precio más conveniente a cobrar a sus usuarios. Pero si es bien complicado hacer este tipo de predicciones y encontrar el balance ideal entre energía hídrica y térmica, peor aún es incluir en estos contratos la cláusula de aumento en la remuneración año a año, para lo cual decidieron de manera absurda, que los mismos se modificarían en su vigencia en el IPP (Índice de Precios al Productor) y no en el más bajo entre este y el IPC, por ello en tanto el IPC ha estado entre el 8% y el 13% el IPP ha esta en porcentajes superiores al 20%. Por ello, el incremento tarifario es tan alto en cada empresa del sector, para nuestro ejemplo CENS (Centrales Eléctricas de Norte de Santander) a enero del 2022 tenía una tarifa plena de $669,65, en septiembre del 2022 estaba en $822,37 y a enero del 2023 una tarifa aplicada de $744,41, ósea, variaciones entre un 23% y un 11% actualmente, pero sometiendo a la población a unos pagos casi imposibles, máxime en una región con ingresos promedio en 1,5 SMLV.  Esto también está en la regulación aprobada por la CREG y desarrollada por cada empresa.

 

Sin embargo si miramos atentamente nuestros recibos de energía encontramos dos rubros que no deberían ser cobrados que son PR (perdidas reconocidas) y R (restricciones), y no deberían ser cobrados por que son responsabilidad de la gestión empresarial, no tenemos por qué pagar los usuarios las perdidas, ósea nos cobran a los que pagamos lo que la empresa no ha podido facturar, mucho menos debe ser nuestra responsabilidad las mejoras en los equipos de la empresa, nosotros no somos socios de la empresa solo sus clientes.

Para el caso de la costa atlántica es más grave la situación, años de ser abandonados por el estado, pues en el afán privatizador se permitió que empresarios inescrupulosos se lucraran sin cumplir ninguna de las obligaciones de actualizar las redes, los transformadores y las subestaciones de energía, pero todo si lo cobraron, por ello la SSPD (Superintendencia Servicios Públicos Domiciliarios) intervinó Electricaribe y en contrario a la lógica, que era crear una empresa estatal pública, que asumiera la modernización de las redes con fondos del presupuesto nacional, decidieron mantener el fallido modelo de privatización, y parten la empresa en dos, una la entregan a Afinia y la otra a Aire. Ya en corto plazo se ve el desastroso resultado: las tarifas más costosas del país y cobrando a los usuarios las redes y equipos que con complicidad de gobiernos anteriores permitieron el robo.

Hoy es imposible pagar un recibo de energía en la costa atlántica, que por cierto es donde más se concentra la pobreza de nuestro país; hoy hasta el alcalde de Medellín ha manifestado que el modelo es tan malo que está dispuesto a devolver a la nación la empresa que controla EPM (Empresas Públicas de Medellín). En todo caso los españoles dueños de Electricaribe ya presentaron demanda internacional y ¿adivinen quien debe responder si se pierde esta demanda y de donde saldrán esos recursos?.

Por ello la decisión presidencial en mi concepto es la adecuada; la CREG no va jamás a resolver el problema del cual ellos han sido participes, se educaron tanto en el exterior que confundieron las cosas y se les olvida que una cosa es Dinamarca y otra muy diferente Cundinamarca. Es una decisión riesgosa, pero necesaria o seguiremos pagando tarifas internacionales, pero con ingresos nacionales, hoy en promedio pagamos 15 centavos de dólar el kwh, al igual que en USA, eso es inaudito cuando el salario mínimo en Colombia es de solo de 255 dólares. Debemos estar vigilantes a que no se quiebre el sector, pero tampoco permitir que se lucren de manera excesiva acosta de la miseria de la mayoría de los colombianos, debe existir un equilibrio y pienso que esta decisión llamará al orden a las empresas del sector.

Pablo Emilio Santos Nieto

Administrador de Empresas, egresado de la Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander

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