El desarrollo y la expansión de la ciudad y su área metropolitana en las últimas décadas se ha dado de una forma en la que ha predominado el desorden.
A pesar de los esfuerzos de planificación urbana de los años 60 con el plan regulador (arquitectos Juan José Yáñez y Luis Raúl Rodríguez), en los años 70 con el código de urbanismo (arquitecto Julio Moré), y de esfuerzos aislados en los años posteriores con la definición de ejes viales determinantes como el anillo vial, la autopista a San Antonio, la Diagonal Santander, la avenida Los Libertadores y la avenida Gran Colombia, solo por citar unos ejemplos, en la ciudad, que ha experimentado una migración masiva, se ha desbordado cualquier capacidad de control, opacando dichos esfuerzos de planificación y generando invasiones tras invasiones que con el paso de los años, la mirada complaciente de los politiqueros de profesión que cultivan votos producto de estas necesidades, y el olvido generalizado de nosotros los ciudadanos que no exigimos el control urbano necesario en el territorio de nuestros municipios metropolitanos, han producido esa bomba de tiempo que es nuestra querida área metropolitana de Cúcuta.
Ese crecimiento desordenado y conurbado que año tras año se expande más, es no solamente una bomba de tiempo social con cualquier cantidad de problemas y caldo de cultivo de delitos, sino un círculo vicioso que cada día que pasa hace que las soluciones que se deben plantear para los problemas de estas zonas, sean soluciones cada vez más difíciles de ejecutar y costosas de llevar a la práctica.
Basta sentarse a ver un plano de los tres municipios principales del área metropolitana (Cúcuta, Villa del Rosario y Los Patios), para analizar que tenemos un valle de Cúcuta y unas cabeceras municipales más o menos ordenadas, con ejes viales planificados y zonas verdes, equipamientos más o menos suficientes y determinados. Pero una vez nos alejamos del valle o de las cabeceras municipales centrales, empezamos a ver que las determinantes viales se pierden, las zonas verdes y los equipamientos bajan drásticamente en su proporción de m2 por habitante, y terminamos en unas ‘callecitas’ que serpentean por las colinas que rodean toda la ciudad. Se pierde la noción de avenidas principales y no queda espacio casi ni para los andenes porque desafortunadamente quienes trazan estos “nuevos barrios” son los negociantes de predios ilegales que buscan maximizar su rentabilidad de “vender” más metros cuadrados invadidos a sus incautos y a veces cómplices compradores.
La principal causa de que este fenómeno lleve décadas acrecentándose, no es otra sino el desdén de las administraciones municipales, y en algunos casos, el fomento de este fenómeno por parte de actores políticos que se benefician de la miseria de estos asentamientos para después sumar votos por “llevarles” los servicios, esos sí, a unos costos altísimos para las arcas municipales. A veces pareciera que tuviésemos dos ciudades. Una planificada en la que los servicios y el Estado funciona medianamente bien, y otra en la periferia, en la que funciona la ley del más fuerte y hay ausencia del Estado y sus principios y normas.
La buena noticia, sin embargo, es que esto no tiene por qué seguir siendo así. Esta administración (así como con el transporte urbano), también tiene la gran oportunidad de cambiar esta terrible costumbre en la que la ciudad parece no tener doliente que la cuide y que nos tiene condenados a anillos de miseria creciendo año tras año.
Si una de las principales funciones de una administración municipal, no es mantener el control de su territorio, no sé cuál sea (allí deberían enfocarse sus esfuerzos y recursos). Y es suficientemente claro desde hace varias décadas que a la ciudad le ha quedado grande este tema porque no se le ha dado la importancia que merece y además el control urbano en nuestra ciudad es muy difícil de ejercer, porque tiene dividida sus funciones.
Mientras que el Departamento de Planeación Municipal ejerce la función administrativa del mismo, recibiendo denuncias, e iniciando procesos, la parte policiva, que es el segundo paso y el más definitivo para llevar a buen término las actuaciones de control urbano, depende de las comisarias de policía que normalmente son coordinadas por la Secretaría de Gobierno por delegación del alcalde.
La realidad nos muestra que hoy en día es común que cualquier denuncia o procedimiento de control urbano en Cúcuta, inicie en Planeación, y termine engrosando sus archivos, pues ni siquiera llega a hacerse efectivo por las comisarías de policía, sin lograr frenar las actuaciones contrarias a la norma. Es por esto que propongo a la actual administración la creación de la Secretaría de Control Urbano y Espacio Público, aprovechando la reducción de algunas otras dependencias municipales. En la segunda parte de este artículo, que publicaré la próxima semana, trataré de desarrollar brevemente la idea de esta nueva secretaría.
Adenda. Para mejor entendimiento del proceso de planeación urbana que ha vivido Cúcuta, recomiendo leer el ‘paper’ “Cambios en la estructura urbana de Cúcuta: Impacto generado por el plan de ordenamiento territorial en la transformación de ciudad”, de la ingeniera Martha Liliana Nieto y Gabriel Guillermo Fernández (2012), que pueden encontrar en este link.
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