A nivel mundial, la leishmaniasis es una enfermedad infecciosa que forma parte de las diez enfermedades tropicales más desatendidas. Se transmite a través de la picadura de hembras de flebótomos, que ingieren el parásito durante el proceso de alimentación con sangre de una persona o animal infectado con el parásito, transmitiéndolo posteriormente a un animal o ser humano no infectado. Es endémica en más de 102 países y territorios reportándose transmisión en los cinco continentes. Sin embargo, la carga de morbilidad se concentra sobre todo en algunos grandes focos.
Afecta principalmente a la población humana y animal más pobres de las zonas tropicales y subtropicales del mundo, quienes carecen de recursos y medios suficientes para combatirla. Según la OMS, se calcula que cada año hay entre 700 000 y 1 millón de nuevos casos. En Colombia, la leishmaniasis tiene gran incidencia en casi todo el territorio, excepto en San Andrés Islas, Atlántico y Bogotá.
Uno de los factores de riesgo que pueden influir en la incidencia de esta enfermedad son los cambios ambientales dados a través de urbanización, la deforestación y la penetración del ser humano en zonas selváticas. El cambio climático está influyendo en la propagación de la leishmaniasis por los cambios que induce en las temperaturas y los regímenes de pluviosidad, que afectan al tamaño y la distribución geográfica de las poblaciones de flebótomos. Las sequías, hambrunas e inundaciones también obligan a las personas a desplazarse a zonas de intensa transmisión del parásito.
Hay tres formas principales de leishmaniasis: la visceral (la más grave porque, a falta de tratamiento, casi siempre resulta fatal), la cutánea (la más común, que en general causa úlceras cutáneas) y la mucocutánea (que afecta boca, nariz y garganta). Los caninos son susceptibles de adquirir la forma visceral y la forma cutánea, esta constituye un grave problema tanto de salud pública como para el médico veterinario. El pronóstico en los animales es peor que en los humanos, debido a las dificultades y a la ineficacia en el tratamiento, lo que deriva en la decisión de sacrificar los animales positivos, sobre todo en lugares donde hay un alto número de casos humanos y poca disponibilidad de terapias alternativas.
Teniendo esto en cuenta, la Comisión Europea ha financiado un proyecto internacional de investigación (CANLEISH) colaborativo, en el que participan diversas instituciones de Sudamérica, Norte de África y Europa, el cual se ha enfocado en el desarrollo de un método alternativo, rápido, menos costoso, no invasivo y fácil manejo para el diagnóstico de la leishmaniasis en perros.
Con este enfoque resaltamos que la construcción de una sociedad en todos los aspectos, debe ser ajustada a las necesidades de la época y el tiempo. El talento y el ingenio del ser humano marcan historia en la humanidad, en este caso especial en la salud física e integral, de aquellos que conforman el grupo social y el grupo de seres de compañía como lo son los caninos; es por eso que la ingeniería de la mano con otras disciplinas esta haciendo un trabajo fuerte de investigación para aplicar las herramientas, técnicas y estrategias al acontecimiento biológico que permitan generar bienestar tanto para los animales como para los seres humanos de manera armoniosa en vista a la calidad de vida de las naciones, pueblos, personas y animales.
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