DESIGUALDAD EN CÚCUTA: UNA TAREA PENDIENTE

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Hasta el año 2017 (excepto 2014), Cúcuta venía disminuyendo la desigualdad en ingresos medidos con el índice de Gini. Ese año la ciudad de la frontera tuvo un Gini de 0,426, que estaba por debajo de la media nacional, ubicada en 0,508 para Colombia.

El desempeño de Cúcuta fue sorprendente, ya que era la tercera ciudad de Colombia con menor índice de Gini, es decir, únicamente Bucaramanga (0,406) y Pereira (0,401) estaban por debajo de Cúcuta. Ahora bien, el gran interrogante era, ¿qué había hecho Cúcuta para estar en el mismo nivel de ciudades como Bucaramanga y Pereira?

Esta pregunta resulta mucho más relevante cuando evaluamos lo que pasó en la ciudad en los últimos años. En efecto, a partir de 2018 la desigualdad empezó a subir. En 2019, un año antes del COVID-19, la desigualdad de ingresos medida por Gini ya había aumentado 5,4 %. De igual manera, cuando inició el aislamiento social, debido al COVID-19 en el 2020, Cúcuta ya venía con una tendencia al alza en desigualdad. Por consiguiente, durante estos años la desigualdad alcanzó valores superiores a los últimos 18 años; de esta manera, Cúcuta para el año 2020 tuvo unas de los mayores índices de Gini (0,522) en Colombia.

Fuente: elaboración propia, a partir de los datos del DANE, 2020.

Cúcuta ha tenido muchas dificultades en generación de empleo, informalidad y pobreza a lo largo de los últimos años; sin embargo, antes del 2017 existió una contradicción entre el mejoramiento del índice de Gini y el aumento del empeoramiento del mercado laboral. Es por ello que es importante preguntarnos ¿Cuál es la razón de esa reducción de desigualdad ante un escenario laboral y social difícil? Luego, es clave hacer estudios como el de Silvia Otero sobre desigualdades sociales, donde  evidencia las particularidades en Bucaramanga sobre desigualdad en ingresos.

En Bucaramanga, Silvia encontró que la principal razón del éxito de la ciudad bonita hasta 2016 fueron los ingresos laborales que crecieron a ritmos muy acelerados para los más pobres de la ciudad. No obstante, la ciudad frontera se ha encontrado en los últimos años con unas tasas de desempleo altas por encima de la media nacional.

En Cúcuta la variación del ingreso per-cápita para el año 2018 y 2019, en el quintil 1, mostró una disminución de 12,1% y del quintil 5 hubo un aumento del 0,7%. En  ese orden de ideas, los hogares de las familias más pobres sufrieron un mayor impacto en el ingreso per-cápita. Del mismo modo, el ingreso laboral del quintil 1 disminuyó 7,9% y un aumento del ingreso laboral del quintil 5 de 1,7. De acuerdo a lo anterior, mientras los pobres perdían capacidad de ingreso laboral los ricos podían mantener sus ingresos.

Igualmente, las ayudas institucionales para el quintil 1 disminuyeron 0,2%, en el quintil 2 se mantuvo constante y en el quintil 3 disminuyó 0,1%; y en las ayudas en los hogares todos los quintiles disminuyeron excepto el quintil 2 que tuvo un aumento del 0,6%.

Desde luego, Cúcuta debe priorizar un sistema de protección social que combine la tributación con la política social de subsidios focalizados, para que la  ciudad no sea un espacio de reproducción de las desigualdades como lo dice Dammer, Delgadillo y Erazo.

Finalmente, para el año 2021 disminuye el 11% respecto al 2020. Ante ese escenario, probablemente la reactivación económica en el mejoramiento de las condiciones de empleo en la población mejoró el ingreso de las familias cucuteñas.

CHRISTIAN SAMIR MÉNDEZ - docente de la Universidad Simón Bolívar. Investigador del Observatorio Regional del Mercado de Trabajo (ORMET)

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