Hoy: Vie, abril 18 2025

LA AMENAZA DEL POPULISMO

Nuestros sistemas democráticos son muy frágiles a pesar de ostentar una visibilidad de que funcionan; en sí mismo, el sistema político en el que el poder es común a todos, en donde todos participamos, no es del todo cierto. Hay que traspasar las barreras del concepto pues, si bien es cierto que la participación es la clave, además de la alternancia del poder, el funcionamiento de las estructuras del Estado, la institucionalidad al servicio de la gente, sobre todo la más vulnerable, también es cierto que por sí misma la democracia no soluciona los problemas de las polis, estado o sociedades conformadas. Al contrario, la democracia abre el abanico de opciones de poder para que quien gobierne pueda con su equipo dar respuesta a las diversas problemáticas y resolver asuntos que beneficien a todos o que los afecten de manera directa o indirecta; pero, ¿en qué se convirtió esto en América latina? La Universidad Sergio Arboleda, junto con otros equipos de investigación, viene trabajando en la significancia y el desarrollo del concepto “populismo”, muy común desde el siglo XX en nuestras sociedades precozmente independientes (hace tan solo 200 años), que han derivado en personalismos mesiánicos que con verborrea y demagogia tratan de convencer al colectivo de que ellos solos con su carisma y sonrisa, palabras cliché, pueden solucionar como por arte de magia los problemas históricos de nuestras sociedades actuales.

 

La investigación concluye que el populismo, “desde la etimología, el sufijo, denota a la vez una doctrina, escuela o movimiento desde lo colectivo y una actitud, desde lo individual. Es entonces el movimiento orientado a favorecer al pueblo, entendiéndolo como la masa densificada, la base de la pirámide social. El origen y características de este movimiento pueden resumirse en la triada inconformidad-carisma-oportunidad, cuando la gran mayoría del pueblo comparte una misma inconformidad, y esta es detectada por un líder carismático que convence con su discurso y promete solucionar de manera inmediata los desequilibrios y, finalmente, las condiciones económicas y políticas se muestran como la oportunidad para utilizar el enardecimiento y el inconformismo. Es allí cuando surgen los movimientos populistas, sin importar la propuesta económica o política, siempre que sea contraria a lo ya establecido”.

 

Con semejante respuesta es inevitable que a nuestra recordación lleguen nombres como Perón, Menem en la Argentina, Lula da Silva en Brasil, Chávez o Maduro en Venezuela, Ortega en Nicaragua, Allende y Pinochet en Chile, entre otros; los hay de derecha o izquierda, ambos con similares características, utilizando las mismas tácticas y, por supuesto, manejando a su antojo a quienes caen con su flauta de mentiras. La forma más fácil de desenmascarar a un populista es escuchando sus propuestas de solución irreales a los problemas de fondo, además de los egos, y por supuesto de la eliminación sistemática de las libertades adquiridas, sea la de expresión, libre prensa, libre pensamiento político, modelos económicos, entre otros. Al final la foto no puede ser más trágica, basta con observar el aniquilamiento de la moral y la esperanza de quienes alguna vez creyeron en estas promesas que terminaron en miseria, en el enriquecimiento de los cercanos al tirano, cito de manera histórica a un personaje siniestro de la humanidad que entendió a plenitud este concepto en los primeros años del siglo XX: “Con humanidad y democracia nunca han sido liberados los pueblos”, Adolf Hitler.

 

El populismo, cual ladrón nocturno, nos amenaza con irrumpir en nuestro frágil sistema democrático, con todo el hedor y podredumbre del mismo, pero finalmente, con alternancia de poder, con libertad de expresión y, sobre todo, con derechos, deberes, garantías que nos permiten incluso hoy escribir estas líneas. Pero, ¿cómo hacer para no dejarnos tentar por el populismo? Pues, como no existe una solución única, ya que sociedades de alto nivel educativo sucumbieron al encanto o canto de sirenas, solo faltan voces que alerten sobre lo que se viene. No olviden que, si se dice que a todos les van a dar subsidios, debemos pensar que esa plata sale de otro grupo social que la paga con impuestos, es decir, la lógica, la frialdad del no oír la demagogia y claro, ver el pasado de quienes hablan, allí está la mayor de las pruebas, pues uno no puede ser hoy alguien en contra del Estado, y al otro día ser defensor de la democracia que quemó años atrás.

Por LUIS FERNANDO NIÑO LÓPEZ - PHD en Historia y Arte. Profesor – Investigador Universidad Simón Bolívar Sede Cúcuta Vicepresidente de la Academia de Historia de Norte de Santander

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